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The Income Tax Act of 1961 is the foundation of India’s tax system. It governs how taxes are collected from individuals, businesses, and other entities within India. The Act has been updated many times to reflect economic changes and global standards. However, the constitutionality of certain parts of the Act has been questioned. This article […]

The Direct Taxes Code (DTC) 2012 was a significant attempt by the Indian government to modernize its direct tax system. This included income tax, corporate tax, and other levies directly impacting individuals and companies. While the DTC wasn’t enacted, it spurred crucial reforms and remains a key discussion point for tax experts and policymakers. This

In today’s digital age, data privacy and protection have become critical concerns for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. Panchkula, a city in Haryana, India, is witnessing an increasing focus on data protection due to rising concerns over cybercrimes, identity theft, and misuse of personal data. In this article, we delve into the key data protection

In the realm of corporate governance, the registration of share capital and debentures is a critical process that ensures transparency and integrity in the financial dealings of a company. However, there are instances where the registration of shares or debentures may be refused. This refusal can lead to significant implications for both the company and

The integrity of corporate governance is paramount to maintaining trust among shareholders, investors, and the general public. Personation of a shareholder, or the act of impersonating someone to gain access to their rights and privileges associated with share ownership, undermines this trust. In India, the Companies Act, 2013, outlines strict provisions and penalties for such

The transfer and transmission of securities are fundamental processes within the realm of corporate finance, significantly impacting shareholders’ rights and company governance. This article delves into the intricacies of the transfer and transmission of securities, focusing on relevant legal frameworks, procedures, implications for stakeholders, and the distinctions between the two processes. By understanding these concepts,

Preference shares, a unique class of equity instruments, play a vital role in corporate financing. They offer distinct advantages over common shares, making them an attractive option for companies seeking to raise capital. This article explores the intricacies of issue and redemption of preference shares under the Companies Act, 2013, focusing on their definitions, types,

In the realm of corporate finance, equity shares play a pivotal role in capital formation and incentivizing employees. Among the various forms of equity, sweat equity shares have garnered significant attention for their unique characteristics and benefits. These shares are a powerful tool for companies to reward employees for their hard work and contribution, particularly

In the corporate world, shares represent a unit of ownership in a company, and their issuance plays a pivotal role in raising capital for business operations, expansion, and investment. However, the manner in which shares are issued is subject to strict regulations to ensure fair practices and protect the interests of shareholders and the general

The issuance of shares is a fundamental aspect of a company’s capital structure, providing a means for raising funds to support its operations, expansion, and various financial activities. When shares are issued at a premium, it signifies that the shares are sold for more than their nominal or par value. Understanding the application of premiums